Socrates (Ölüm: M.Ö 399)Platon (M.Ö 427-347)Karl Jaspers (1883-1969)Aristoteles (M.Ö 384-322)Epikuros (M.Ö 341-270)Descartes (1596-1650)Augustinus (354-430)Anselmus (1033-1109)Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)Pierre Abélard (1079-1142)Francis Bacon (1561-1626)Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)David Hume (1711-1776)Étienne Bonnot de Condillac (1714-1780)Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716)John Locke (1632-1704)Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)Tommaso Campanella (1568-1639)